Purification and Characterization of Glycoprotein from the Skin Mucus of the Rainbow Trout,Salmo gaivdneri

Mucus glycoprotein (RGP) was purified and characterized from the skin mucus of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. RGP was found to contain 30.1% NeuAc, 26.0% GalNAc, 5.0% Gal, and 26.0% amino acids. The protein moiety of RGP is very rich in Thr (32.4 mol%). Neither NeuGc nor KDN (2-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-nononic acid) was found in RGP. Alkaline borohydride treatment of RGP yielded a major disaccharide alditol, NeuAcα2→6GalNAc-ol and more than 4 minor oligosaccharide alditols including NeuAc→(GalNAcα1→)GalNAc-ol. It was evident that an average RGP molecule has approximately 500 NeuAc-containing oligosaccharide chains, which are attached to the Thr and Ser residues of the protein moiety and spaced at an average of 3 amino acids apart.     

Oscillations in Superoxide Anion Release by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and its Inhibition by Human Saliva

The release of superoxide anion (O 2 -) by inflammatory polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), obtained from the intraperitoneal cavity of mice, was investigated during two different times of the day. NaF-stimulated PMN at nigth-phase showed greater release of O 2 - than at day. Addition of human saliva in the culture medium dramatically inhibits O 2 - generation by both day- and night-phase cells. Also, the inhibitory effect of diurnal saliva on the cell activation is higher than the nocturnal saliva.     

Diurnal rhythms of plasma growth hormone,somatostatin, thyroid hormones,cortisol and glucose concentrations in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,during progressive food deprivation

Abstract

The diurnal patterns of changes in plasma cortisol, growth hormone (GH), somatostatin‐14 (SRIF), thyroid hormones (L‐thyroxine, T₄ and triiodo‐L‐thyronine, T₃) and glucose were investigated in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, both during single meal‐feeding and during a progressive fast of 13 weeks. All measured variables exhibited a diurnal pattern in fed rainbow trout, most of which appeared to be correlated with the time of feeding (30–60 min after the onset of light), while additional changes, associated with the scotophase were also found for cortisol. Although fasting had no affect on mean daily plasma cortisol or SRIF concentrations, there was a progressive increase in mean daily plasma GH concentrations and a progressive decrease in mean daily plasma thyroid hormone and glucose concentrations associated with fasting. However, for GH, significant changes were not evident until week 10 of the fast. In addition, fasting appeared to phase‐shift the diurnal patterns of plasma GH, cortisol and glucose concentrations; the consequence of such a shift is that conclusions as to the effects of fasting, if based on a single time of sampling, may be flawed.     

金双歧联合通腑合剂治疗急性胰腺炎的临床研究

【摘 要】 目的 观察金双歧联合通腑合剂治疗急性胰腺炎的临床效果。方法 120例胰腺炎患者,随机分为常规治疗组、通腑合剂组和联合治疗组,每组40例。采取不同治疗方法,分别观察3组患者的临床治疗效果、实验室指标改善情况以及住院时间等。结果 联合治疗组治疗效果明显优于常规治疗组及通腑合剂组（P<0.05）,未出现恶化病例,其腹痛、腹胀缓解时间及血淀粉酶（AMY）和C反应蛋白（CRP）恢复时间明显短于常规治疗组和通腑治疗组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。联合治疗组和通腑合剂组在血白细胞（WBC）和血脂肪酶（LPS）恢复上差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但均优于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 金双歧联合通腑合剂治疗急性胰腺炎有较好的临床效果,并能缩短住院时间。     

微生态制剂预防老年抗生素相关性腹泻的临床研究

目的 评价预防性应用微生态制剂(金双歧)在老年人抗生素相关性腹泻中的作用.方法 2010年5月至2013年2月应用抗生素的住院老年患者55例纳入观察对象,随机分为2组,预防组28例,给予微生态制剂双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片(金双歧)4片,3次/d,连续服用7～l0d;对照组27例,腹泻患者给予给予思密达3.76 g,3次/d.观察两组发生抗生素相关性腹泻情况,并进行肠道菌群分析.结果 预防组腹泻发生率、腹泻次数、腹泻持续时间与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组腹泻病例的大便培养及常规检查无异常,大便涂片检查出现细菌计数减少或大便杆球菌比失调;预防组粪检结果杆球比例倒置、细菌计数减少、真菌感染例数等与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片(金双歧)可预防和减少老年人抗生素相关性腹泻的发生,减轻腹泻症状.     

Olfactory navigation during spawning migrations: a review and introduction of the Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis

Migrations are characterized by periods of movement that typically rely on orientation towards directional cues. Anadromous fish undergo several different forms of oriented movement during their spawning migration and provide some of the most well‐studied examples of migratory behaviour. During the freshwater phase of the migration, fish locate their spawning grounds via olfactory cues. In this review, we synthesize research that explores the role of olfaction during the spawning migration of anadromous fish, most of which focuses on two families: Salmonidae (salmonids) and Petromyzontidae (lampreys). We draw attention to limitations in this research, and highlight potential areas of investigation that will help fill in current knowledge gaps. We also use the information assembled from our review to formulate a new hypothesis for natal homing in salmonids. Our hypothesis posits that migrating adults rely on three types of cues in a hierarchical fashion: imprinted cues (primary), conspecific cues (secondary), and non‐olfactory environmental cues (tertiary). We provide evidence from previous studies that support this hypothesis. We also discuss future directions of research that can test the hypothesis and further our understanding of the spawning migration.     

Differential responses by two closely related native fishes to restoration actions

Globally, river degradation has decimated freshwater fish populations. To help reverse this trend in a southeastern Australia river, we used multiple restoration actions, including reintroduction of instream woody habitat, riparian revegetation, removal of a weir hindering fish movement, fencing out livestock, and controlling riparian weeds. We monitored the responses of native fish at the segment scale (20 km) and reach scale (0.3 km) over 7 years to assess the effectiveness of the different restoration strategies. Two closely related species, Murray cod Maccullochella peeli and trout cod Maccullochella macquariensis, increased at the restored segment compared with the control segment. However, inherent differences between river segments and low sample size hampered assessment of the mechanisms responsible for segment‐scale changes in fish abundance. In contrast, at the reach scale, only M. peeli abundance significantly increased in reaches supplemented with wood. These differential responses by 2 closely related fish species likely reflect species‐specific responses to increased habitat availability and enhanced longitudinal connectivity when the weir improved passage around a fishway. Changes in M. peeli abundance in segments supplemented with and without wood suggest an increase in carrying capacity and not simply a redistribution of individuals within the segment, facilitated the observed expansion. Our findings confirm the need to consider individual fish species' habitat preferences carefully when designing restoration interventions. Further, species‐specific responses to restoration actions provide waterway managers with precise strategies to target fish species for recovery and the potential to predict fish outcomes based on ecological preferences.     

葡萄Golden2-like转录因子家族的鉴定及其表达分析

本研究对葡萄（Vitis vinifera L.）的Golden2-like （GLK）转录因子家族进行了全基因组鉴定和表达模式分析,并利用品种‘玫瑰香’（V.vinifera cv.Muscat Hamburg）进一步验证其在低温胁迫下的响应。结果显示,葡萄Golden2-like家族共46个成员,分为5个亚族,同一亚族的保守结构域相似。46个VvGLK分别定位于细胞核、叶绿体、细胞质和过氧化物酶体中,其启动子区域含多种逆境应答顺式作用元件。基因芯片分析结果表明,22个Golden2-like基因在果实发育过程中变化显著。同时,有15、15和9个基因分别响应盐、干旱和低温胁迫。qRT-PCR分析发现26个基因参与低温应答。VvGLK41在所有胁迫处理中均下调表达。